Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
The Journal of Science and Engineering Applications (JSEA) publishes peer-reviewed research across all fields of science, engineering, and technology. JSEA promotes the exchange of knowledge and innovation in applied sciences, engineering design, computation, materials, energy, and sustainable development.
Bibliometric Analysis Of Using Phase Change Materials For Energy Efficient Air Conditioning Systems
This bibliometric study notifies the research trends of worldwide studies focusing on the exploitation of phase change materials in air conditioning and thermal energy storage systems. Besides, the last decade seen a sharp increase in the number of publications along with the rising trend of energy-efficient and sustainable buildings. As per the report, the top countries amongst them, incl. India (53 publications), China (41) and Germany (29), have been discussed. Following them, Italy (18) and Australia (24) come. Strong cooperation between Asian and European research centers is demonstrated by the most productive institutions, which include the University of Melbourne, the University of Padova, and Shanghai University of Electric Power. While Sharma (2015) continues to be the most cited paper (746 citations) in Energy Conversion and Management, highly cited authors like Aye Lu, Brey Stefan, and Mousavi Seyed mostafa show considerable influence in this field. Four main thematic clusters were identified through keyword co-occurrence mapping with VOS viewer: thermal storage systems, phase change materials and air conditioning, energy efficiency and sustainability, and thermal comfort in buildings. Overall, the findings highlight how multidisciplinary and growing PCM-related research in building technology and energy use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Ali Abdulwahhab, Ahmed H. N. Al-Mudhafar, Tahseen Ali Jabbar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Review of Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engines: Performance, Emissions, and Renewable Fuels
This paper reviews Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) technology in detail and critically evaluates its effects on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of diesel engines. The review systematically synthesises findings on the technology's compatibility with a variety of renewable fuels. The novelty of the present work lies in filling a critical research gap: integrating Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a dual fuel with diesel and hybrid nanoparticles in VCR engines. It is shown that the use of VCR technology improves thermal efficiency and reduces fuel consumption at low loads and reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions at high loads, but the synergistic benefits of VCR technology with advanced fuel-nanoparticle combinations remain largely unexplored. The review points out future opportunities for improving diesel engine efficiency and emissions by utilizing LPG-diesel dual fuel operation and nanoparticle additives in VCR systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 karrar salah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Effect of Indium Doping on the Structural and Surface Properties of (Nio) Nickel Oxide thin Films synthesized by Spray pyrolysis Method
In this study, thin films of pure and doped (Nio) nickel oxide doped with indium (3% and 5%) were deposited on glass substrates at a temperature of about 400 °C by spray pyrolysis method.. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to study the structural properties of the samples. The results indicate that the growth of the films occurs in the preferred orientation of the (111) plane, and no peak suggesting the presence of indium was observed in the samples. Morphological analysis of the samples was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which showed that surface roughness increases with higher doping levels. Additionally, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis was conducted to further elucidate the structural and crystalline properties
Copyright (c) 2026 yasser Ayad Kadhim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Theoretical Model for the Uniform Machines Scheduling with release dates Under Multi-Criteria Optimization
The scheduling of parallel machines has attracted significant attention due to its wide utilization in the fields of manufacturing and data processing. This article presents an in-depth analysis of Uniform Parallel Machine Scheduling problems (UPMS), considering sequence-dependent job characteristics with release dates are imposed. It focuses on efficiently scheduling N jobs across M machines to achieve minimal overall performance penalties that integrates total flow time, tardiness, earliness, and late work. From a practical's and point it is important since most real manufacturing settings involve multiple machines within each workstation, however, efficient solution methods are still scarce, and the optimal scheduling algorithms currently available for multiprocessor systems are limited in their ability to address large scale problems. As a result, practitioners tend to adopt methods based on dominance properties to guide solution selection. This leads to key questions: Are current schedules sufficiently efficient? Do dominance properties effectively support optimal decision-making in multi-objective UPMS problems? How close are the solutions to optimality? This paper focuses on the NP-hard problem of scheduling n jobs on uniform parallel machines and proposes a dominance-based approach. The method is tested on a wide range of a large set of randomly generated instances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant teacher Marwa Bunyan Kadhim, Assistant teacher sajjad majeed jasim, professor Hanan Ali chachan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Certain Results of Pre Open Sets Via Soft bitopological Spaces
In this article the first goal is to offer the definition a neoteric generalized to soft open set in soft bitopological spaces shortly (S. B.T. S) term soft (1,2)*-pre-c-open set is done through integration soft -closed and soft.(1,2)*-pre-open. set. The relationship between this kind of soft set with other kinds of soft sets also we explained by drawing a diagram. And we proved sundry facts, results and theory. We savvy of soft (1,2)*-pre-c-closure (S.(1,2)*-pre-c-cl), soft (1,2)*-pre-c-interior (s. (1,2)*-pre-c-int) and soft (1,2)*-pre-c-neighborhood S.(1,2)*-pre-c-nbh) are verified and its properties weredescribed. We also found many features and characterizatics of this kind of soft sets. In this article, we want number of definitions, theorems and facts, the superior are: Molodtsov is introducing a notion of the soft set. And solve numerous issue of it and he implementation the concept of soft set in practical trends and numerous applied from them theory of Theory of Probability, Smoothness of functions, Rieman integration Operations research and Game theory, etc., Shabir and Naz study the soft topological spaces (S. T. S). Senel and Cagman are offer the nation of soft bitopological spaces
Copyright (c) 2026 Asaad Adil Abdulhadi (Translator) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Role of the Semantic Web in Healthcare and Sustainability
The Semantic Web (SW) is starting to change how we understand complex data across different disciplines. This review explores the importance of SW in systems that combining medicine and sustainability. These two fields need structured data and governed data systems. We examine the utilization of SW technologies in clinical decision support systems (CDSS), electronic health records (EHRs), and environmental monitoring systems. In healthcare especially, these technologies enhance the accuracy of diagnosis and help in integrating heterogeneous health systems. In addition to developing the personalized care systems. In sustainability, these technologies help in assessment of life cycle and in preparing environmental policies. In addition to ecosystem-wide data synthesis through vocabularies like ENVO and SWEET. At the intersection of health and environment, SW supports interdisciplinary models like Planetary Health and One Health through linked data approaches that is used to understand the climate-sensitive diseases and sustainable public health. The current challenges are also discussed in this review which consist interoperability, privacy, reasoning scalability, and highlight. Future directions, including AI integration, federated knowledge graphs, and regulatory frameworks are highlighted as well.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed S. Al-akayshee, Ahmed Mounaf Mahdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Anomaly Detection in WSN using Machine Learning
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are critical for maintaining the security and integrity of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which are susceptible to various cyber threats. This study evaluates the performance of three machine learning models Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression in classifying network traffic within a WSN environment. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using a confusion matrix to derive key performance metrics including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC. The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance across all metrics by achieving an accuracy of 99.63% and a ROC-AUC of 0.9970 indicating its robustness in distinguishing between normal and malicious traffic. These findings underscore the efficacy of ensemble learning methods particularly Random Forest in enhancing IDS capabilities within WSNs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Hamad Rashid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Investigate the physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete reinforced with sisal fiber
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight environmentally friendly concrete made from cement, sand, lime, water, and aluminum powder. Having a crucial interest for the last decade, due to their low density and thermal properties. This study shows the effect of sisal Fiber on the density and compressive strength of AAC blocks. Therefore, three groups of samples were produced, with fiber contents of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of total volume. The study's results show that AAC reinforced with sisal fibers had a density between 652 and 731 kg/m3. However, 0.2% represents the optimal fiber content for achieving the highest density. Furthermore, the compressive strength recorded 3.23, 4.09, and 4.17 Mpa for fiber contents of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the AAC reinforced with sisal fiber significantly improved the density and compressive strength of AAC specimens. This type of AAC is suitable for partition and non- load-bearing wall applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hawraa Hamza Hatem (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Stochastic Delayed Control Framework of Smart Battery Systems
The following paper offers a stochastic delayed control system in the case of smart battery systems that would be affected by actuation and uncertainty delays. Stochastic delayed differential equations are utilized to describe the dynamics of the battery to capture random variation and delayed control action. A state-of-charge (SOC) regulation and state-of-charge control effort is balanced by introducing a quadratic cost functional. Lyapunov and Lyapunov-Krasovskii techniques are used to draw up enough conditions under which the system exists, is unique, and mean-square stable. The effects of delay and stochastic disturbances on system performance are shown through numerical simulations and confirmed by the theoretical findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghufran Khalil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Robust Residual-Based Image Classification Framework Using Strong Data Augmentation
Image classification is identified as a basic problem in the domain of computer vision as well as artificial intelligence. Such a problem plays a significant role in facilitating various applications in the real world. Although deep neural networks have proven to be effective in solving various image recognition problems, the efficiency of such models is normally limited by the occurrence of overfitting as well as the limited ability to generalize. Moreover, the models have limited optimal training. Thus, the purpose of this work is to develop a robust image classification system based on the idea of not using overly deep models. Instead, the work emphasizes the significance of using appropriate training techniques. Through experiments performed on the standard image classification dataset, the efficiency of the approach is proven by attaining the highest accuracy in the test dataset as 90.92%, surpassing the efficiency of other models.
Image Classification, Deep Learning, CNN, Residual Learning, Data Augmentation
Copyright (c) 2026 hadeel Al-kawaja (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A SCIENTIFIC REVIEW OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED NANO-REINFORCED PLATES: TYPES, FABRICATION METHODS, APPLICATIONS, AND VIBRATION BEHAVIOR
Functionally graded materials (FGM) are advanced composite systems characterized by a continuous variation in material composition and properties, allowing for improved mechanical performance and resistance to thermal and structural stresses. Their unique gradation structure minimizes interfacial failures and makes them suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, biomedical devices, defense, and energy systems. With the advent of nanotechnology, incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) has significantly enhanced the mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and damping characteristics of FGM. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in FGM reinforced with nanomaterials, emphasizing their types, fabrication techniques, and functional performance. Special attention is given to the vibrational behavior of these materials under various conditions, including different volume fraction distributions, porosity levels, and loading scenarios. Moreover, the impact of environmental factors—such as temperature fluctuations, humidity, and chemical exposure—on the long-term stability and functionality of FGM is thoroughly discussed. The review aims to offer a consolidated understanding of current research trends and identify key challenges and opportunities for the future development of nano-reinforced FGM in engineering applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohanad Saeed Al-Shebani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Real-Time Driver Fatigue Monitoring System Using Embedded CNN on Accelerometer and Gyroscope Data.
Abstract Driver fatigue is one of the most serious factors of road accidents on roads all over the world, and real-time monitoring of driving fatigue is an imperative intervention needed to ensure traffic safety. This study describes a real-time driver's fatigue detecting system based on an embedded CNN that processes data from an accelerometer and gyroscope to perform high-accuracy classification of behaviors associated with driver fatigue. It gives a robust solution for real-time analysis with very low computational overhead by taking advantage of the capability of CNNs in extracting spatial features from raw sensor data. In this regard, the model architecture is optimized for embedded systems and hence can work compatibly in resource-constrained environments. Extensive experiments on publicly available datasets prove that the proposed system performs much better in terms of accuracy and reliability compared to traditional machine learning models. These results highlight the potential of embedded deep learning frameworks in scalable solutions to real-world problems that may help avoid the risks of driving in fatigue. The proposed model was compared with advanced architectures, including LSTM, Transformer, and Hybrid CNN-LSTM models. While the proposed CNN achieved superior efficiency (93.8% accuracy and 50ms inference time), Transformer models demonstrated better long-term dependency capture but required higher computational resources. This comparison highlights the trade-offs between efficiency and accuracy in real-time applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 ALI MOHAMMAD ABDULHUSSEIN ALMUSLIMAWI, 1AQEEL HAKIM OBAID, HASANAIN ALI AMEEN AL-TAREEHEE, 2MOHAMMED KAREEM RASHID (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Experimental Study of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Horizontal Cylinder
this research, a very complete experimental study of forced convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in cross-flow air is reported. The experimental setup included a horizontally mounted metallic cylinder heated internally by the controlled electric power input. A variable speed blower was used to provide forced air flow so that the air velocity could be adjusted very accurately. Surface and environmental temperatures of the cylinder were monitored by calibrated thermocouples as soon as steady-state was attained under every operating condition. The convective heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the measured temperature differences between the cylinder surface and ambient air and the information about the geometry of the cylinder. Surface temperature, temperature difference, and heat transfer coefficient were studied systematically to observe the influence of air velocity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Walaa Ali Naje (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Experimental Study on the Performance of a Small Compression Engine Fueled by Rice Husk-Derived Producer in Iraq
The increasing global demand for sustainable and green energy sources has led to the exploration of alternative fuels, particularly in places that are abundant with agricultural byproducts. This study investigates the performance of syngas derived from rice husks as a potential fuel for small compression ignition engines, which are widely used in agricultural and rural areas within Iraq. This study aims to evaluate the performance, efficiency, and emissions of a modified CI engine running with syngas compared to diesel using rice husk, an agricultural waste product that is highly available but less utilized. The results of the experiments show that syngas increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) up to 41.0% at full operational load, which is much higher than with diesel. In addition, the application of syngas resulted in a significant reduction of emissions, cutting CO and NOx emissions by 40% and up to 30%, respectively. However, the study also observes differences in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) in syngas-powered operations, due mainly to syngas’s lower calorific value. These results highlight the promise of rice husk-based syngas to support cleaner air programs by reducing dependence on non-renewable fuels and mitigating emissions, which would strongly benefit environmental sustainability. Nonetheless, challenges such as higher fuel consumption and necessary engine modifications indicate directions for future improvements, particularly in gasifier designs and engine adaptations to balance both performance goals and industrial costs.
Copyright (c) 2026 jameel al-naffakh, Abdulhussein H.J, Mohammed R. Al-Qassab, Israa Jafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Image Steganography Based on Machine Learning Algorithms: A Survey
Abstract_ Image steganography is an important field in modern information security. It aims to securely transmit a secret message via a digital image and accurately retrieve it upon receipt, by embedding it in the cover image in a secure and imperceptible manner. Given the limited robustness and capacity of traditional spatial and transformation-based methods, recent research has turned to machine learning-based adaptive embedding strategies, including deep learning, to improve embedding capacity and resistance to steganalysis. In this paper, a survey of representative image steganography methods is presented, With a brief discussion of traditional spatial domain-based and transformation domain-based methods and an in-depth study of machine learning-based techniques such as support vector machines (SVMs), K-means clustering, convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs). The survey includes 40 papers published in peer-reviewed journals from 2017 to 2025 and analyzes the main advantages and disadvantages of the methods referred to for practical purposes. Furthermore, the survey identifies open challenges in imperceptibility, robustness, and security, and indicates potential future research directions for novel adaptive secure machine-learning-based image steganography schemes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yousif H. Jasim, Asst. Prof. Dr. Asaad Noori Hashim Al- Shareefi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
An Investigation into the performance of Concrete Incorporating Calcite-Cement with Partial Replacement of Cement-by-Cement Kiln Dust
This current work investigates the application of (CD) as an alternative to cement while making concrete at percentage 15%, 20%, and 25%, and the effect of combination of cement kiln dust (CKD) with calcite dust (CD) at percentage of 15% and various amounts of CKD 5%, 10%, and 15%. The findings indicate that excessive use of (CD), particularly at the 15% CD replacement, results in compressive strength reduced to a certain degree. Incorporation of (CKD) with (CD) improves later-age development of the concrete's strength. Furthermore with 25% CD, there is a reduction in absorption rate, indicating improved impermeability and durability. The inclusion of (CD) also enhances the corrosion Resilience of the concrete and makes it suitable for exposure in aggressive conditions. Conversely, it was discovered that at certain replacement level of CKD increases the vulnerability of the concrete to corrosion and at 15% CKD replacement the probability of corrosion become less underscores the need for careful optimization. Importantly, the incorporation of (CD) does not have a detrimental effect on the resilience of the concrete to the ingress of chloride ions. Additionally, the mixture of 15% CKD and 15% CD that offers a combined 30% cement replacement improves the resilience of the concrete against chloride ions. In this study, the capabilities of CD and CKD in the manufacture of concrete are highlighted, offering important insights on their individual and combined effects on mechanical characteristics and durability and hence promoting sustainability in the construction industry.
Calcite dust (CD), (CKD), Compressive strength, Durability, Corrosion resistance, Chloride penetration, Sustainable concrete
Copyright (c) 2025 Prof. Dr. Ali A. Altameemi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Copper Atmospheric Corrosion Mechanism: A Review
This study examines the impact of multiple factors on the atmospheric corrosion of copper, including the impacts of individual gases (SO₂, NOx, and O₃) and the synergistic interactions of mixed gases on copper's atmospheric corrosion. The synergistic effect of SO₂ and NO₂ on copper corrosion appears exclusively at elevated humidity levels of 90%. The combined action of SO₂ and O₃ is more potent than that of SO₂ and NO₂, potentially elucidating the elevated corrosion rate of copper in O₃-abundant rural settings. The impact of ammonium sulfate particles is notably highlighted, as the corrosion rate and mechanism of copper undergo major alterations at the critical relative humidity (CRH) of ammonium sulfate. Various copper corrosion products and their creation methods are also presented. A concise review of prevalent experimental and characterization approaches for investigating copper atmospheric corrosion is presented, and research trends in copper atmospheric corrosion are outlined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dina Yousif Mahdi, Ali W. Aldeen Baqer1 (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
INCREASING THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFICIENCY BY USING AIR GUIDE IN COOLING SYSTEM: A NEW PRACTICAL STUDY
Reducing cell temperature is very important to improve cell efficiency and increase electrical output. This study indicates the need to reduce losses in the process of cooling the PV cell by controlling the air flow rate where the highest electrical efficiency of the cell at the airflow rate (0.049 kg/s). The results showed that the rate of reduction of the temperature of the cell reached (37.22%), and the temperature of the cell decreased by (22.2782 °C) as a result of cooling using air guides. The heat generated by the cooling process can be utilized in multiple applications as the difference between the inlet and outlet temperature of the air duct reached (13.717°C), and the increase in the thermal efficiency of the PV cell (68.7%).
Copyright (c) 2022 Ahmed Mohsin Alsayah, Mahdi Hatf Kadhum Aboaltabooq, Murtadha Saeed Mohammed, Ridha Hasan Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A NOVEL SOLAR DESALINATION SYSTEM
The shortage of potable water is the biggest problem of the world in this century because of the population growth and unsustainable water consumption rates. About half of the world’s population in 88 developing countries are affected by water crises which results in 80-90% of all diseases and 30% of all deaths. Since water shortage is directly related to poverty, low cost, especially solar, seawater desalination methods can help alleviate this trouble. In which present research, an experimental study was presented for a novel stepwise solar still accompanied by two units, a compound parabolic solar collector as a preheater and heat exchanger after condenser. A computer model has been developed, according to thermal energy balance equations to predict the transient performance of the system. The experimental in this study was achieved by constructing the test rig that verify the theoretical results by practically real field testing. Results achieved from this study demonstrate clearly the importance of rising the feed (saline water) temperature, increasing the condensation surface area and further heating of evaporation surface; Using new still absorber design, that increase the system productivity (91.3%) compared with the conventional solar still yield. This shows obviously that solar still output is affected largely by changing design parameters.
Copyright (c) 2022 Merwa Alhadrawi, Reza Husseini, Amir Arefian, Vahid Ahmadi Kalkhorani, Armin khazaei, Dilshad A.H.Alhadrawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF DOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
Detecting direction of arrival (DoA) using array antenna is considered as common challenge in different typeS of applications, such as sonar, radar, wireless communications. DoA estimation plays an important role in direction finding applications. Further, effective DoA estimation technique is the primary requirements for smart antenna system to realize beam forming technique. Multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance (ESPRIT) algorithms have been widely studied, and they are considered as fundamental for the majority of the DoA methods in literature. In this paper, the principal of DoA estimations is presented. The main focus of the current paper is on the classical methods (Bartletts and MVDR), MUSIC and ESPRIT algorithms. Review of various efforts that have been made to enhance the performance of these algorithms was acheived. Then compared their performances using simulation results. Further, applying MUSIC algorithm to estimate the frequency of the multiple incident signals. The results show that MUSIC algorithm has higher resolution compared to other presented techniques. It is also shown that the accuracy of ESPRIT method is mainly rely on the number of antenna elements. Finally, the principle of Eigenvalues-based method was proposed. It is shown that this method has good resolution with very low complexity as it does not need decomposition of covariance matrix.
Copyright (c) 2022 H. K. Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
REMOVAL OF SINGLE AND BINARY ORGANIC VAPORS FROM AIR BY ADSORPTION METHOD
Removal of isopropyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol vapors from air by activated carbon was carried out. The equilibrium data for single component systen1s were obtained at different temperatures 301, 308, 3 J9 and 327 K. The equilibrium data for binary system was found at temperature 319 K. The equilibrium isotherm results for single and binary components fit very well with Langmuir's isotherm. The effect of the inlet concentration on the dynamic capacity, MTZ velocity, MTZ length and thermal wave velocity was studied for single and binary systems. Empirical correlations describing these variables were determined. A mathematical model was used to predict the breakthrough curves and temperature profiles. These results were in good agreement with the experimental results.
Copyright (c) 2022 Abbas H. Sulaymon, Addy E. Basso (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PV PANEL WATER COOLING USING DIFFERENT JET NOZZLE DIAMETER
Power conversion in PV cells is limited to 15-20% from the incident radiation. That conversion Suffers a severe drop with the rise of the PV cell temperature by 0.45~0.5% for each degree centigrade rise. The primary objective of this study is to reduce the cell temperature using front face cooling. A CFD model has been designed using COMSPL Multiphysics 5.3 to investigate the effect of water input temperature and the change of the water flow rate. A physical model was also utilized using two 330 PV panels for comparing the results at the same environmental conditions. The study shows that the PV cell efficiency could be increased by 22.8% using a 2 mm nozzle diameter and 4 L.P.M water flow rates.
Copyright (c) 2022 Ridha Hasan, Mahdi hatf Kadhum Aboaltabooq, Ahmed mohsin alsayah, Zahraa Abdulkareem Jaafar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ENHANCEMENT ON THE RUPD SYSTEM OF HEAVY VEHICLE BY EVALUATION OF A HEAD INJURY CRITERIA
Crashworthiness improvement of under-ride guard system of heavy vehicle design is a highly challenge duty to save passengers life and prevent sever injures of small car in collisions. As a consequence of absence or lack of the powerful under-run guard connected to the rear, side of trucks, trailers and semi-trailers, back under-ride accidents are in charge of a huge death numbers in all the world. This study concentrates on improving Rear Underrun Protection Device (RUPD) structure utilizing Finite Element Analysis apparatus like LS-DYNA. Two designs of under-ride guard devise crushed using Toyota Yaris (2010) with different impact speeds 45km/h and 63km/h. A zero passenger compartment intrusion (PCI) is accomplished with the investment of the recently outlined under-ride guard for rear of trucks. The new under-ride guard model is validated utilizing FMVSS 223/224 regulations. The new design achieved the goal of decreasing the acceleration beyond the limits, which leads to decrease the head injury criteria (HIC) to (373.250).
Copyright (c) 2022 Zeid Fadel Albahash, Ali Abdul Mohsen Alasadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PLANNING OF CONSTRUCTION SITE LAYOUT: A REVIEW
In the recent years, researchers have been interested in planning of layout of projects´ site since it is a basic factor for a successful project undertaking. Projects´ sites comprise temporary facilities and heavy construction equipment that share the same space or may require the same area of construction site, therefore, construction site should be organized well, so that construction activity will be in its full swing. The site layout planning process includes identifying the needed temporary facilities for supporting operations of construction, specifying their shapes and sizes, and optimizing their positions within the boundaries of sites. In this review, a number of methods and techniques used for construction site layout planning are reviewed and discussed, the frequent problems at construction sites are included, the ways of improving the efficiency of planning of sites layout are listed and discussed. The advantages of good planning of sites layout and the effects of neglecting sites layout planning are reviewed.
Copyright (c) 2022 Al Kulabi Ahmed Kamil, Al Zahid Ali Adnan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
STUDY SOME PROPERTIES OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE CONTAINING RUBBER TIRES WASTES
Recycled solid wastes like rubber are one of the issues that impose a significant environmental challenge as a result of the rapid population growth. The reactive powder concrete is experimentally studied with rubber tire waste to replace some of the fine aggregate. In this study, four mixtures were casted and test (slump, absorption, density and compressive strength test). Four different ratio of rubber waste (0 % ,5%, 10% and 15%). The results of the slump test showed that the increase was used rubber tires wastes led to increase the slump of the mixture. This increase is due to the fact that the water covers the rubber particles, which in turn leads to reduction in friction between the components of the concrete mix. The results of the compression strength tests showed that. the increase of the rubber tires wastes ratio from 0% to 5% to 10% ,15% led to decrease the compressive strength by 13.02%, 36.56% and 37.87% respectively at age 28days. The results of the absorption test showed that the increase of the rubber tires wastes ratio from 0 to 5% to 10% to15% led to increase the absorption ratio by 7.91%, 11.76% and 13.79% respectively age 28days. results of the absorption test showed that the increase of the rubber tires wastes ratio from 0 to 5% to 10% to15% led to increase the absorption ratio by 7.91%, 11.76% and 13.79% respectively age 28days.
Copyright (c) 2023 Sokaina Isaa Kadhim, Ibtihal Mouiad Lafta (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
STUDY PROPERTIES OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE
Reactive powder concrete is a result of developing process in concrete technology. It is a new type of composite material satisfying the increasing demands for high strength, high durability, offering superior ductility and workability . In this experimental study, four mixtures were casted and testing ( slump test, absorption test, density test and compressive strength test). Four different ratio of polymer fibers were used (0 %,0.5% , 1% and 1.5%). The results of the slump test showed that the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio led to decrease the amount of slump. The results of the compression strength tests showed that the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio from 0% to 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% led to decrease the compressive strength by (7.49% , 13.40% and 19.66% ) consequently at age 28days. The results of the absorption test showed that showed that the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio from 0 % to 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% led to increase the absorption ratio by ( 3.29% , 5.81% and 7.34 % ) consequently at age. The results of the density test showed the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio led to decrease the dry and wet density.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ibtihal Mouiad Lafta, Sokaina Isaa Kadhim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS CHARACTERISTICS OF A DIESEL ENGINE FUELLED WITH PALM OLEIN OIL BIODIESEL
Increasing demand for petroleum diesel, long to increase in harmful air pollution. Excessive use of diesel fuel, present an opportunity to develop environmentally friendly and renewable fuels for current diesel engines that have not been upgraded. The effects of using biodiesel, generated from palm olein oil and derived through transesterification, along with biodiesel and diesel fuels blends in varying percentages, as a fuel in a TD202, a small air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine. According to the results of the experiments, as the biodiesel percentage in the blend increased, compared to fossil diesel, thermal efficiency declined by 2.84% and specific fuel consumption increased by 0.0438 kg/kW-h for B100. Moreover, the result obtained from the emissions analysis reflects that the average carbon monoxide (CO) value decreased by 0.03 % vol., hydrocarbon (HC) value decreased by 6ppm, carbon dioxide (CO2) emission increased by 1.4 % vol. for the given load, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) increased by 262 ppm, indicating that the mixture was stable in comparison with fossil diesel.
Copyright (c) 2023 Mohammed H. ALKaaby (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
KERBEROS PROTOCOL: HISTORY, STEPS, AND SECURITY ANALYSIS
Kerberos is a widely used authentication protocol that provides secure access to network resources by authenticating users and services. This paper provides an overview of the Kerberos protocol, its history, and its steps. The Kerberos protocol was initially developed at MIT in the 1980s to solve the problem of authentication in distributed systems. It has since become a widely adopted protocol in enterprise networks and is implemented in many operating systems and applications. This paper outlines the steps involved in the Kerberos protocol, including authentication, authorization, and ticket granting. It also covers the security features of the protocol, including encryption, mutual authentication, and delegation. The research on Kerberos protocol has mainly focused on improving its security, scalability, and usability. Various researchers have proposed different enhancements to the Kerberos protocol to address its weaknesses, such as using stronger encryption algorithms, improving the key distribution process, and implementing additional security features. Furthermore, this paper discusses the most important attacks on the Kerberos protocol, such as the Golden Ticket attack, Password guessing attacks and Replay attacks. These attacks exploit vulnerabilities in the protocol to gain unauthorized access to network resources or impersonate users or services. The paper also presents the countermeasures and mitigations that can be employed to prevent these attacks and improve the overall security of the Kerberos protocol.
Copyright (c) 2023 Hassan M. Al-Jawahry, Sahar Adill Kadum (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ENHANCING THE DAILY YIELD OF SINGLE-SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING A PREHEATING WATER TANK
Single slope solar still is one of the most popular water purifiers. This paper investigated heat transfer processes that occur inside the solar still numerically and experimentally In addition, attempts to improve productivity have been studied. Comsol Multiphysics software (v5.5) was used to develop a 3D mathematical model to examine the considered developments. Four different heating tank designs (sphere, half sphere, con, and rectangular) were compared as an optimization step. The studies have also considered the volume of the tank to choose to best one among the proposed volumes. The experimental study included the manufacturing of a water heating tank and its integration with a solar still. An improvement of (35%) was obtained when designing a halfsphere tank with a volume of 2.5 times that of a conventional solar still (CSS).
Copyright (c) 2023 Zahraa A. Faisal, Mustafa.D.Faisal, Zahraa Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECTS OF MATERIAL AND GEOMETRY ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR UNDER COMPRESSION
The use of light, cheap natural fibres instead of heavy ,expensive materials can reduce noise, increase strength, and reduce fuel consumption in automotive application. This research explores the potential for gradually replacing metallic materials with natural and hybrid fiber . The simplest and common technique hand layup is utilized to study the performance of fiber reinforced epoxy composite tubes under static compression to investigate the effect of using hybrid fibers on the failure mechanism. This study investigates the effects on stress and strain using different types of fibers after determining the tube load-displacement curves. A total of 24 samples are prepared at room temperature and tested at a constant speed of 1.5 mm/s using one resin type (epoxy) and two fiber types (Kevlar, jute). Two circular and square geometries of three heights (200mm, 250mm, 300mm), two circular diameters and two square sides are used to investigate the crashworthiness parameters. Replacing two layers of Kevlar fiber by two layers of natural jute fiber enhanced the crash worthiness parameters particularly, failure type. The hybrid jute / Kevlar accomplished desirable results, especially the circular tube.
Copyright (c) 2023 Zeid Fadel Albahash, Ali Abdul Mohsen Alasadi, Ameer majid mohsin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/