The Journal of Science and Engineering Applications (JSEA)

Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGM) are advanced composite systems characterized by a continuous variation in material composition and properties, allowing for improved mechanical performance and resistance to thermal and structural stresses. Their unique gradation structure minimizes interfacial failures and makes them suitable for demanding applications in aerospace, biomedical devices, defense, and energy systems. With the advent of nanotechnology, incorporating nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) has significantly enhanced the mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and damping characteristics of FGM. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in FGM reinforced with nanomaterials, emphasizing their types, fabrication techniques, and functional performance. Special attention is given to the vibrational behavior of these materials under various conditions, including different volume fraction distributions, porosity levels, and loading scenarios. Moreover, the impact of environmental factors—such as temperature fluctuations, humidity, and chemical exposure—on the long-term stability and functionality of FGM is thoroughly discussed. The review aims to offer a consolidated understanding of current research trends and identify key challenges and opportunities for the future development of nano-reinforced FGM in engineering applications.